An Evaluation Of A Interview - 1030 Words

Shantelle Jones is a 17-year old adolescent female who was referred to this agency following a brief hospitalization for a suicide attempt. She resides in Rural, Michigan with her paternal aunt, Ms. Wilson, who has become her adoptive parent, as well as her younger sister, her paternal grandmother, and an adult male cousin. During her intake appointment, Ms. Wilson stated that she would like Miss Jones to be less aggressive toward her sister, less rebellious, and to become compliant with the medical recommendations of the psychiatrist who treated her in the hospital. Miss Jones stated that she would not like counseling, but if it was necessary she would comply because she would like to be less depressed and have less strife in her home life. The following goals and objectives were developed in conjunction with Miss Jones and Ms. Wilson during the intake interview: GOAL 1: Reduce oppositional behaviors. OBJECTIVE 1: Learn to recognize stress situations before they become explosive. OBJECTIVE 2: Work with the social worker to develop positive communication skills that will reduce conflict with Ms. Wilson. OBJECTIVE 3: Develop and practice problem-solving skills to avoid volatile situations. Sprague and Thyer (2003) cite a study that used anger management training to help reduce adolescent outbursts and increase communication skills among peers and adults. Similar anger management and communication skill training with Miss Jones is intended to meet Ms. Wilson’s goal ofShow MoreRelatedEvaluation Of A Interview Or Interrogation1179 Words   |  5 Pages Interviews and interrogations are similar in that the officer must establish a relationship with individuals and ask good questions in a planned out and controlled surrounding or semi-controlled setting while carefully listening and documenting the statements. 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Interviews: An Introduction To Qualitative Research Interviewing. Sage Publications. 4.Page.K. (2010) Depth Interview in Applied Marketing Research. what is the in-depth interview p3 5.Kothari, C.R (2008). Research Methodology: Methods and TechniquesRead MoreEvaluation Of A Interview On The Interview Of 7 Meetings From One Of The British Contracting Organisation1690 Words   |  7 Pages4.1 Introduction This chapter presents results, analyse and discusses the findings that have been deducted from the interview of 7 participants from one of the British contracting organisation. The interviews were done in relation to the research questions that guided the study. This study is set out with the aim of assessing how projects’ stakeholders are practically managed from identification, classification, analysis and engagement strategies. 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It mission is â€Å"to provide culturally competent, and professionally sound mental health, foster care, youth development and family support services to empower our community one child and one family at a time† (.....). The services that Heartfelt offers to clients are intensive in-home

Slavery Is A Very Important Topic Of America History. The

Slavery is a very important topic of America history. The word slavery has many different definitions; however, only one, in particular, stands out. Slavery is a system under which people are kept against their will and forced into labor (Lively). In other words, slaves did not have the opportunity to make their own decisions. The working conditions were very poor; however, the more money they made, the more they could buy their way to freedom. Slavery has impacted the world today tremendously. In the 1600 s, African-Americans did not have the opportunity to read or write, whereas today Americans have the freedom to do so. Could slavery have been avoided? No; however, there were plenty of ways to prevent the states from starting a†¦show more content†¦Frederick Douglas became an abolitionist leader once he escaped from slavery in 1838. Slavery played an important part of our nation s history. According to a response from reference, it states In many ways, slavery was an economic benefit to those who owned slaves, if not the nation as a whole. (How). To put it differently, slaveowners did not have to pay for the majority of their workers; however, they did have to pay for slaves. In some cases, slaves could earn money from their master if they performed their tasks correctly. ‘The masters, for their part, saw small cash incentives as a way to encourage productive work habits. (Hodgman). Some slaves did not get paid if they did not do their tasks correctly. Although slaves were paid under wages, some decided to save money to buy their way into freedom. Though slaves were not allowed to do this, it was up to their master to make the decision. Every slave owner was different. Some scholars have argued that their economic situation might not have been much better if they were freed because the conditions of the Am erican working poor at the time were so unfavorable. (How). In other words, the conditions still would have been the same if slaves decided to buy their way into freedom. Slavery has both positive and negative effects. First, the worst effect of slavery was the damage left upon African-Americans minds. African-Americans have lost their loved ones by, escaping their way to freedom or disrespectingShow MoreRelatedSocial Problems: Is the United States Post-Racial?1237 Words   |  5 Pagesushers a new era post-racial America. So, I decided to read a few recent articles on the topic. The first was by Time Wise where he reflects on denial and reality in response to the question what is post-racial? (Wise, 2012). Wises article is depressing because not only because he leaves no doubt, by bringing up strong qualitative and quantitative arguments, that the whole idea of post-racial America is a chimera, but because he makes it hard to believe post-racial America can be achieved at all.Read MoreThe American Abolitionists Book Review Essay1214 Words   |  5 Pages Written by Harrold Stanley, American Abolitionists is a book that scrutinizes the movement of abolishing slavery in the United States. It examines the movement from its origin in the 18century in the course of the Civil War and the elimination of slavery in 1856. American Abolitionists book focuses on the American Abolitionists who struggled to end slavery and advocated for equal rights for all African Americans in the United States. 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Design a Repeater for Digital Rf Signal Free Essays

string(91) " improvement over the old analog signals, which required separate streams of transmission\." Abstract Repeaters for digital TV broadcasting can use either analogue or digital techniques. The purpose of using repeater is to boost signals into areas of weak coverage in any radio communication system. However wave interference means the repeater usually requires a frequency shift for analogue modulated signal. We will write a custom essay sample on Design a Repeater for Digital Rf Signal or any similar topic only for you Order Now For digitally modulated signal it may be possible to use same frequency. This paper investigated and designed a RF repeater which will improve the inter symbol interference by incorporating delay between received and transmit signal. This project also reviewed the basics of current Digital Video Broadcasting-Terrestrial (DVB-T) techniques and selected it as a suitable choice for lab experiment. The practical side of this project is to design and build a repeater incorporating suitable electrical delay. Contents 1. 0 Introduction4 1. 1 Background:4 1. 2Aim of this project6 1. 3Project objectives6 1. 3 Project deliverable7 2. 0 Problem analysis8 2. 1 Repeater8 2. 1. 1 Analogue repeaters9 2. 1. 2 Digital repeaters10 2. 2 Inter symbol interference13 2. 3 Multipath propagation15 2. 3. 1 Multipath fading15 2. 4 The TV channels16 2. 5 Transmission cable18 . 6 Signal Amplifiers20 2. 7 Transmission delay (Coaxial cable)21 3. 0 Possible solution24 3. 1 RF amplifier25 3. 1. 1 The Transistor Amplifier26 3. 1. 2 Ultra High Frequency Transistor Array (HFA)29 3. 1. 3 Surface mounts technology:32 3. 1. 4 Surface Mount Monolithic Amplifier:32 3. 1. 5 Loft box: 8 way home distribution unit34 3. 2. 6 Maxview signal booster35 3. 2. 7 Antenna:36 4. 0 Design37 4. 1 Circuit design37 4. 2 PCB design38 5. 0 Implementation40 5. 1 Implementation with HFA312740 5. 2 Implementation with MAV-11SM amplifier41 6. 0 Test result42 6. 1 Laboratory test result42 6. 2 Field test result44 7. Result Discussion46 8. 0 Conclusion48 Future work:49 Works Cited50 Figure List Figure 1System block diagram6 Figure 2 Passive and Active repeater block diagram7 Figure 3 Analog repeater8 Figure 4 Digital repeater9 Figure 5 Channel management for digital repeater10 Figure 6 Channel management for analogue repeater10 Figure 7 Broadcast in valley with digital repeaters11 Figure 8 101101 transmitted data12 Figure 9 Received data12 Figure 10 Transmitted data vs. Received data13 Figure 11 Multipath propagation14 Figure 12 Cable loss in dB   (Antenna basics, 2008)18 Figure 13 Linear change phase vs frequency22 Figure 14 The basic transistor amplifier26 Figure 15 HFA3127 transistor array30 Figure 16 MAV-11SM amplifier31 Figure 17 Suggested PCB layout with MAV-11SM33 Figure 18 Loft box home distributor33 Figure 19 Maxview signal booster35 Figure 20 Antenna used for this project35 Figure 21 Interference between relay signal and main transmitted signal36 Figure 22 ISIS schematic of circuit design37 Figure 23 PCB design according to the datasheet in ARES37 Figure 24 3D view for PCB38 Figure 25 Circuit with HFA3127 amplifier39 Figure 26 MAV-11SM amplifier circuit board40 Figure 27 HFA3127 gain with soldering error41 Figure 28 HFA3127 amplifier gain41 Figure 29 One MAV-11SM amplifier gain42 Figure 30 Two MAV-11SM amplifier circuits give more gain42 Figure 31 Three amplifiers together was the maximum gain43 Figure 32 Low quality picture with normal antenna43 Figure 33 Picture with repeater connected antenna44 Figure 34 Rebroadcasting connection44 1. 0 Introduction 1. 1 Background: Digital Video Broadcasting (DVB) is being adopted as the standard for digital television in many countries. The DVB standard offers many advantages over the previous analogue standards and has enabled television to make a major step forwards in terms of its technology. Digital Video Broadcasting, DVB is now one of the success stories of modern broadcasting. The take up has been enormous and it is currently deployed in over 80 countries worldwide, including most of Europe and also within the USA. It offers advantages in terms of far greater efficiency in terms of spectrum usage and power utilisation as well as being able to affect considerably more facilities, the prospect of more channels and the ability to work alongside existing analogue services. (Pool, 2002) In these days when there are many ways in hich television can be carried from the â€Å"transmitter† to the â€Å"receiver† no one standard can be optimised for all applications. As a result there are many different forms of the Digital Video Broadcasting, DVB, standards, each designed for a given application. The main forms of DVB are summarised below: DVB Standard| Meaning| Description| DVB-C| Cable| The standard for delivery of video service via cable networks. | DVB-H| Han dheld| DVB services to handheld devices, e. g. mobile phones, etc. | DVB-RSC| Return satellite channel| Satellite DVB services with a return channel for interactivity. DVB-S| Satellite services| DVB standard for delivery of television / video from a satellite. | DVB-SH| Satellite handheld| Delivery of DVB services from a satellite to handheld devices| DVB-S2| Satellite second generation| The second generation of DVB satellite broadcasting. | DVB-T| Terrestrial| The standard for Digital Terrestrial Television Broadcasting. | Digital Video Broadcasting- Terrestrial (DVB-T) : The common perception of digital television these days is of broadcasts emanating from signal towers, bouncing off satellites, and being beamed to home receivers. This is the magic of  satellite  transmission, and it is reliable as long as the view of those satellites is not obscured. However, this is not the only way in which television signals are transmitted. Another popular method of transmitting signals  digital video broadcasting–terrestrial (DVB-T). When broadcasters employ this method, the digital signals do not leave the earth. The signals transmitted using  DVB-T  do not travel via cable, though; rather, they go from  antenna to aerial antenna, from signal blaster to home receiver. Digital signals are routinely transmitted using terrestrial methods. The transmission method has different names in different parts of the world. DVB-T  is the name used in Europe and Australia. North American customers receive these signals using a set of standards approved by the Advanced Television Systems Committee (ATSC). In Japan, it is known as Integrated Services Digital Broadcasting–Terrestrial (IDSB-T). DVB-T  broadcasters transmit data using a compressed digital audio-video stream, with the entire process based on the  MPEG-2 standard. These transmissions can include all kinds of digital broadcasting, including  HDTV  and other high-intensity methods. This is a vast improvement over the old analog signals, which required separate streams of transmission. You read "Design a Repeater for Digital Rf Signal" in category "Essay examples" Oddly enough, some  DVB-T  transmissions take place over analog networks, with the antennas and receivers getting some helpful technological upgrades along the way. (Pool, 2002) 1. 2 Aim of this project The aim of this project is to investigate the design of a repeater for DVB-T system but incorporating a delay between receives and transmits signals to avoid Inter Symbol Interference (ISI). It is useful to use a repeater to boost the signal into areas of weak coverage in any radio wave communication system. However wave interference means the repeater usually requires a frequency shift for analogue modulated signals. For digitally modulated signals it may be possible to use the same frequency. The project will review the basics of current digital systems such as DVB (Broadcast TV) and WLAN – and to identify a suitable choice for a lab experiment. The practical side will be to design and build a repeater incorporating suitable transmission delay. 1. 3 Project objectives 1. Investigate and learn Inter Symbol Interference effect on received signal. 2. Investigate and learn the delay effect on received signal and cause of the delay. 3. Investigate and learn Multipath propagation and Doppler shift of the frequencies. 4. Investigate and learn about Digital Video Broadcasting (DVB) techniques. 5. Investigate and learn about transmission delay of coaxial cable. 6. Investigate and learn about different type of Amplifier. 7. Designing repeater circuit. 8. Implementing circuit. 9. Testing the circuit. Figure 1System block diagram 1. 3 Project deliverable * System design * Circuit design * Documentation 2. 0 Problem analysis . 1 Repeater Repeaters provide an efficient solution to increase the coverage of the broadcasting networks. In the broadcasting networks, the network operators usually first put high power transmitters at the strategic points to quickly ensure an attractive coverage and then, in a second step, increase their coverage by placing low-power repeaters in the dead spot or shadow areas, such as a tunnel, valley or an indoor area. A repeater is simply a device that receives an analogue signal or a digital signal and regenerates the signal along the next leg of the medium. In DVB-T networks, there are two different kinds of repeaters. They are passive repeaters, which are also called as gap-fillers and active repeaters that are also called as regenerative repeaters. A passive repeater receives and retransmits a DVB-T signal without changing the signalling information bits. The signal is only boosted. An active repeater can demodulate the incoming signal, perform error recovery and then re-modulates the bit stream. The output of the error recovery can even be connected to a local re-multiplexer to enable insertion of local programmes. This means that the entire signal is regenerated. The building blocks of the passive and active repeater configurations are shown in Figure 1. Figure 2 Passive and Active repeater block diagram In a first step, DVB-T broadcasters, as all broadcasters, launch their networks with high power transmitters in strategic point in order to quickly insure an attractive coverage to TV operators and then, in a second step, increase their coverage by placing low power repeaters in shadow area. To repeat a DVB-T signal, two solutions can be used: An analogue repetition: in this case, repeaters use well-known techniques such as down conversion, filtering, up conversion and amplification. The signal is only boosted. * A digital repetition: this new type of repeater uses a professional DVB-T receiver to recover the programme stream (and correct all errors) carried in the RF channel, performs a new modulation followed by an up conversion and amplification. It means that the entire signal is regenerat ed. 2. 1. 1 Analogue repeaters In case of analogue repetition, the output signal quality cannot exceed the quality of the received signal because the signal is not regenerated. Figure 3 Analog repeater Furthermore, being a passive process, it degrades the signal; the phase noise of the local oscillator involves a degradation of the phase noise of the received signal and creates an inter-modulation. The local oscillator phase noise adds to the phase noise of the received signal. In these conditions, what are the performances of analogue repetition for Modulation Error Ratio (MER) and Carrier to Noise ratio (C/N)? Of course, performances are linked to the technology but analogue repetition cannot be insured ad infinitum. And, if one link in the analogue repetition chain is weak, all the system is deficient. Trolet, 2002) 2. 1. 2 Digital repeaters In case of a digital repetition, the entire signal is regenerated; it means that repeaters, as transmitters, insure the quality of the broadcasted signal as long as it is able to demodulate it. Figure 4 Digital repeater The output signal quality is independent of the input signal quality: * Phase noise is linked to t he local oscillator only, * A weak link, in a digital repetition chain, is erased by the following repeater, * Several digital repeaters can be cascaded without any cumulative degradation. Drawback of Digital repeater The delay inside a digital repeater is taller than the guard interval. So, the signal cannot be repeated on the frequency of the main transmitter: main transmitters and repeaters cannot operate in a Single Frequency Network (SFN) even with 8K carriers and a guard interval of 1/4. (Trolet, 2002) Figure 5 Channel management for digital repeater The delay inside an analogue repeater is lower than the guard interval and allows main transmitters and repeaters to operate in SFN mode. Figure 6 Channel management for analogue repeater But, with such technique, overlap between repeater cells and transmitter cell cannot be optimised/adjusted. Analogue repeaters have not the possibility to buffer the signal; they cannot add delay to move the overlap zone. To optimise single frequency network with this technique, two solutions: * Move the repeater that means you have to find new broadcasting site. * Reduce the output power of your repeaters and forbid overlap. So, to build an efficient Single Frequency Network (SFN), Broadcasters have benefits in using transmitters: * Means more freedom for defining the size of the cells Means more freedom for defining the repeater locations Benefits of Digital Repeater * As long as the repeater is able to demodulate the RF channels, signal quality is independent of input signal quality. * Output MER 33 dB (Trolet, 2002) * In theory, thanks to the forward error correction (FEC) and the output signal quality, digital repeaters can be cascaded ad infinitum. It is an efficient solution to broadcast in valleys. TV viewers and distant repeaters share the broadcasted signal. Figure 7 Broadcast in valley with digital repeaters The demodulation process, down to the programme stream, allows broadcasters to insert a local multiplexor in order to customize the content for a local broadcasting. More and more, local communities claim their local programmes. Digital repeaters offer a flexible solution to the network. * Shadow area can be covered by several repeaters. Repeaters operate together in SFN mode without any external references (10 MHz and 1 PPS) (Trolet, 2002). In their internal memory, digital repeaters can buffer the signal so as to optimise overlaps. 2. 2 Inter symbol interference Inter-symbol interference (ISI) is an unavoidable consequence of both wired and wireless communication systems. Morse first noticed it on the transatlantic telegraph cables transmitting messages using dots and dashes and it has not gone way since. He handled it by just slowing down the transmission. Amplitude Time Figure 8 101101 transmitted data Figure 8 shows a data sequence, 1,0,1,1,0, which wish to be sent. This sequence is in form of square pulses. Square pulses are nice as an abstraction but in practice they are hard to create and also require far too much bandwidth. Amplitude Time Figure 9 Received data Figure 9 shows each symbol as it is received. It also shows what the transmission medium creates a tail of energy that lasts much longer than intended. The energy from symbols 1and 2 goes all the way into symbol 3. Each symbol interferes with one or more of the subsequent symbols. The circled areas show areas of large interference. Amplitude Time Figure 10 Transmitted data vs. Received data Fig. 3 shows the actual signal seen by the receiver. It is the sum of all these distorted symbols. Compared to the transmitted signal, the received signal looks quite indistinct. The receiver does not actually this signal; it sees only the little dots, the value of the amplitude at the timing instant. Symbol 3, this value is approximately half of the transmitted value, which makes this particular symbol is more susceptible to noise and incorrect interpretation and this phenomena is the result of this symbol delay and smearing. This spreading and smearing of symbols such that the energy from one symbol effects the next ones in such a way that the received signal has a higher probability of being interpreted incorrectly is called Inter Symbol Interference or ISI. ISI can be caused by many different reasons. It can be caused by filtering effects from hardware or frequency selective fading, from non-linearity and from charging effects. Very few systems are immune from it and it is nearly always present in wireless communications. Communication system designs for both wired and wireless nearly always need to incorporate some way of controlling it. The main problem is that energy, which is been wishing to confine to one symbol, leaks into others. So one of the simplest things can be done to reduce ISI is to just slowing down the signal. Transmitting the next pulse of information only after allowing the received signal has damped down. The time it takes for the signal to die down is called delay spread, whereas the original time of the pulse is called the symbol time. If delay spread is less than or equal to the symbol time then no ISI will result, otherwise yes. (Charan, 2002) Slowing down the bit rate was the main way ISI was controlled on those initial transmission lines. Then faster chips came and allowed to do signal processing controlling ISI and transmission speeds increased accordingly. . 3 Multipath propagation Multipath propagation is caused by multipath receptions of the same signal. in city environment or indoors signal travels along different path from transmitter (Tx) to receiver (Rx). * Signal components received at slightly different times (delay) * These components are combined at Rx * Results as a signal that varies widely in amplitude, phase or polarization 2. 3. 1 Multipath fading When the compone nts add destructively due to phase differences amplitude of the received signal is very small. At the other times the components add constructively the amplitude of received signal is large. This amplitude variations in the received signal called signal fading, are due to the time-variant characteristics of the channel. Relative motion between Tx and Rx (or surrounding objects causing e. g. reflection) causes random frequency modulation. Figure 11 Multipath propagation Each multipath component has different Doppler shift. The Doppler shift can be calculated by using: fd=V? cos? V is the velocity of the terminal ? is the spatial angle between the direction of motion and the wave ? is the wavelength The three most important effects of multipath fading and moving scatters are * Rapid changes in signal strength over a small travelled distance or time interval * Random frequency modulation due to varying Doppler shifts on different multipath signals. * Time dispersion (echoes) caused by multipath propagation 2. 4 The TV channels Hertz  (Hz) means  cycles per second. (Heinrich Hertz was the first to build a radio transmitter and receiver while understanding what he was doing. )  Ã‚  KHz means 1000 Hertz, MHz means 1,000,000 Hertz, and GHz means 1,000,000,000 Hertz The radio frequency spectrum is divided into major bands: Frequency  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Wavelength  (in meters) VLF  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  very low frequency  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  3 KHz – 30 KHz  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   100 Km – 10 Km LF  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  low frequency  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   30 KHz – 300 KHz  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚      10 Km – 1 Km MF  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  medium frequency  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  300 KHz – 3 MHz  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   1 Km – 100 m HF  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  high frequency 3 MHz – 30 MHz  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   100 m – 10 m VHF  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  very high frequency  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  30 MHz – 300 MHz  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   10 m – 1 m UHF  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  ultra high frequency  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  300 MHz – 3 GHz  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   1 m – 100 mm SHF  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  super high frequency  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   3 GHz – 30 GHz  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚      100 mm – 10 mm EHF  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  extremely high frequency  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   30 GHz – 300 GHz  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   10 mm – 1 mm (Antenna basics, 2008) The UK uses UHF for terrestrial television transmissions, with both PAL-I analogue broadcasts and DVB-T digital broadcasts sharing the band. The following table is a handy channel/frequency conversion table showing the E channel number, PAL-I vision and sound carrier frequencies, and the centre frequency for digital tuning. The frequency plan for the UK involves each channel having an 8MHz bandwidth – the space in the spectrum that each channel is allotted. The PAL-I standard specifie s a video bandwidth of 5. 0 MHz and an audio carrier at 6 MHz. The DVB-T transmissions must fall within this channel plan, resulting in each digital channel also having a bandwidth of 8 MHz. Unlike PAL-I, the digital channel (carrying a multiplexed signal) utilises the entire bandwidth available to it simultaneously, transmitting 2048 carriers (in â€Å"2k mode†). For tuning purposes, a centre frequency is used (Table is included in appendices). (digital spy, 2009) Decibels Decibels (dB) are commonly used to describe gain or loss in circuits. The number of decibels is found from: Gain in dB = 10*log(gain factor)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  or (Antenna basics, 2008) In some situations this is more complicated than using gain or loss factors. But in many situations, decibels are simpler. For example, suppose 10 feet of cable loses 1 dB of signal. To figure the loss in a longer cable, just add 1 dB for every 10 feet. In general, decibels let add or subtract instead of multiply or divide. Noise Whether a signal is receivable is determined by the  signal to noise ratio  (S/N). For TVs there are two main sources of noise: 1. Atmosphere noise. There are many types of sources for this noise. A light switch creates a radio wave every time it opens or closes. Motors in some appliances produce nasty  RF  (radio frequency) noise. 2. Receiver noise. Most of this noise comes from the first transistor the antenna is attached to. Some receivers are quieter than others. 2. Transmission cable Twin lead (ribbon cable) used to be common for TV antennas. It has its advantages. But due to its unpredictability when positioned near metal or dielectric objects, it has fallen out of favour. Coaxial cable is recommended. It is fully shielded and not affected by nearby objects. Transm ission cable has a feature called its  characteristic impedance, which for TV coax should always be 75 ohms. Although rated in ohms, this has nothing to do with resistance. A resistor converts electric energy into heat. The â€Å"75 ohms† of a coaxial cable does not cause heat. Where it comes from is mathematically complicated and beyond our scope here. But coax also has ordinary resistance (mostly in the center conductor) and thus loses some of the signal, converting it into heat. The amount of this dissipation (loss) depends on the frequency as well as the cable length. Type:  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Centre conductor:  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Cable diameter:   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  RG-59  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  20-23 gauge  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  0. 242 inches   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  RG-6  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  18 gauge  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  0. 265 inches   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  RG-11  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  14 gauge  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  0. 405 inches Figure 12 Cable loss in dB   (Antenna basics, 2008) The above chart is only approximate. There are many cable manufacturers for each type and there is no enforcement of standards. If the mast-mounted amplifier gain exceeds the cable loss then it shouldn’t matte r what cable you use. But there are two problems with this: * Some cable has incomplete shielding. This is most common for RG-59, another reason to avoid it. * When the cable run is longer than 200 feet, the low-numbered channels can become too strong relative to the high-numbered channels. In this case, RG-11 or an ultra-low-loss RG-6 is recommended. (These alternatives are expensive. )  Ã‚  Alternatively, frequency compensated amplifiers will work. 2. 6 Signal Amplifiers There are two types of signal amplifiers: Preamplifiers  Ã‚  (Mast-mounted amplifiers)  Ã‚  Ã¢â‚¬â€œÃ‚  Ã‚  These should be mounted as close to the antenna as possible. Usually the amplifier comes in two parts: 1. The amplifier. This is an outdoor unit that is normally bolted to the antenna mast. It must have a very low noise figure, and enough gain to overcome the cable loss and the receiver’s noise figure. 2. The power module (power injector). This is an indoor unit that commonly lies on the floor behind the TV. It is inserted into the antenna cable between the amplifier and the TV. This module injects some power, usually DC, into the coaxial cable where the amplifier can use it. The power injector is the amplifier’s power supply. Distribution amplifiers  Ã‚  Ã¢â‚¬â€œÃ‚  Ã‚  These are simple signal boosters. They are often necessary when an antenna drives multiple TVs or when the antenna cable is longer than 150 feet. Distribution amplifiers don’t need to have a low noise figure, but they need to be able to handle large signals without overloading. Commonly, distribution amplifiers have multiple outputs. (Unused outputs usually do not need to be terminated. ) Never feed an amplifier output directly into another amplifier. There should always be a long cable between the preamplifier and the distribution amplifier. Placing the two amplifiers close together can cause overload and/or oscillation. A mast-mounted amplifier’s most important characteristic is its noise level, usually specified by the  noise figure. But many manufacturers don’t take this number seriously. If it is given at all, it is often wrong. If all makers don’t do them right then comparison-shopping is not possible. The author is inclined to rate amplifiers for their noise figures as follows:   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  0. 5 dB  superb (anything better runs into thermal atmospheric noise)   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  2. 0 dB  excellent 4. 0 dB  fair 6. 0 dB  poor 10 dB  awful 2. 7 Transmission delay (Coaxial cable) Transmission lines are described by their two most important characteristics: the characteristic impedance Zo and the delay. For instance, a â€Å"short† (say 0. 01 wavelength) piece of coaxial cable such RG-58U has been taken and measured its capacitance with the other end open. A one foot length yields more or less 31. 2 pF. The inductance also has been measured with the other end shorted. It yields 76. 8 nH. The impedance may now be computed as: Zo=LC Zo=76. ? 10-931. 2? 10-12=49. 6 ohms Here L and C are measured for the same length. The delay may also be computed: Delay= L? C Delay= 76. 8? 10-9? 31. 2? 10-12=1. 55 nSec For an ideal line, the delay increases linearly with i ts length, while its impedance remains constant. After that it has been computed the velocity in foot per second: V=lendelay V=11. 55? 10-9=6. 46? 108 foot per second or meters/second 8 10*966. 1 This is less than the speed of light. The ratio of the above speed to the speed of light gives the velocity factor Vf: Vf=1. 966? 1082. 998? 108=0. 666 or 66. % of the speed of light As mentioned earlier, the delay increases linearly with the line length. For a given length, the phase difference between the input and output will increase with the frequency: ? =2? f? delay Here the phase ? is in radians and the frequency f is Hertz. Converting the phase from radians to degrees requires multiplying by: 3602? In this case if frequency is 900 MHz so phase delay will be ?deg=f? 360? delay=900? 106? 360? 1. 55? 10-9? 502. 2 This length that gives 90 degrees of phase shift is also known as a quarter wavelength. Figure 13 Linear change phase vs frequency Figure-13 An ideal transmission line gives a linear change of phase versus frequency. The distributed inductance and capacitance are the basic transmission line parameters. From these, it can be calculated the line impedance, the delay in terms of time and phase, the speed of propagation and the velocity factor. The inductive component has an additional component at the lower frequencies which slows the signal somewhat. This occurs around 100 KHz for small coax and lower for larger cables. For frequencies above 1 MHz, the dielectric constant of the cable is probably responsible for the decrease in the delay. Measuring the delay of cables can reveal some â€Å"hidden† properties that could make it unsuitable for some applications, such as carrying wideband data. (Audet, 2001) 3. 0 Possible solution The main component of a repeater is amplifier. There are many types of amplifier can be used for this job. RF amplifiers are electronic devices that accept a varying input signal and produce an output signal that varies in the same way as the input, but that has larger amplitude. RF amplifiers generate a completely new output signal based on the input, which may be voltage, current, or another type of signal. Usually, the input and output signals are of the same type; however, separate circuits are used. The input circuit applies varying resistance to an output circuit generated by the power supply, which smoothes the current to generate an even, uninterrupted signal. Depending on load of the output circuit, one or more RF pre-amplifiers may boost the signal and send the stronger output to a RF  power amplifier  (PA). Other types of RF amplifiers include low noise, pulse, bi-directional, multi-carrier, buffer, and limiting amplifiers. Detector log video amplifiers (DLVAs) are used to amplify or measure  signals with  a wide dynamic range and wide broadband. Successive detection log  video amplifiers (SDLVAs)  are log amplifiers that can operate over a wider dynamic range than DLVAs, while extended range detector log video amplifiers (ERDLVAs)  are  DLVAs that can operate with a wider operating frequency. (Global Spec, 2008) * Military / Defense * Mobile / Wireless  Systems * Plasma / Electron Laser * RF Induction Heating * Radar Systems Amplifier Type: Applications: * Low Noise Amplifier * Power Amplifier * Bi-directional Amplifier * Multi-carrier Amplifier * Multiplier (RF amplifier, 2008) 3. 1 RF amplifier Selecting RF amplifiers requires an analysis of several performance specifications. Operating frequency is the frequency range for which RF amplifiers meet all guaranteed specifications. Design gain, the ratio of the output to the input power, is normally expressed in decibels (dB), or Gdb  = 10 * log (Po/Pi) Output power is  the signal power at the output of the amplifier under specified conditions such as temperature, load, voltage standing wave ratio (VSWR), and supply voltage. Gain flatness indicates the degree of the gain variation over its range of operating wavelengths. Secondary performance specifications to consider include noise figure (NF), input VSWR, output VSWR, and monolithic microwave integrated circuit (MMIC) technology. The noise figure, a measure of the amount of noise added to the signal during normal operation, is the ratio of the signal-to-noise ratio at the input of the component and the signal-to-noise ratio measured at the output. The NF value sets the lower limit of the dynamic range of the amplifier. Input VSWR and output VSWR are unit-less ratios ranging from  1 to infinity that express the amount of reflected energy. Global Spec, 2008) There are several physical and electrical specifications to consider when selecting RF amplifiers. Physical specifications include package type and connector type. Package types include  surface mount technology (SMT),  flat pack, and  through hole technology (THT). RF amplifiers may also beà ‚  connector zed  or use waveguide assemblies. Connector types include BNC, MCX, Mini UHF, MMCX, SMA, SMB, SMP, TNC, Type F, Type N, UHF, 1. 6 / 5. 6, and 7/16. Important electrical characteristics include nominal operating voltage and nominal impedance. Operating temperature is an important environmental parameter to consider. (Global Spec, 2008) 3. 1. 1 The Transistor Amplifier In the preceding section explains the internal workings of the transistor and will introduce new terms, such as emitter, base, and collector. Here it discusses the overall operation of transistor amplifier. To understand the overall operation of the transistor amplifier, it must have to only consider the current in and out of the transistor and through the various components in the circuit. Therefore, from this point on, only the schematic symbol for the transistor will be used in the illustrations, and rather than thinking about majority and minority carriers that mean it will be only emitter, base and collector current. Before going into the basic transistor amplifier, there are two terms it should be familiar with: AMPLIFICATION and AMPLIFIER. Amplification is the process of increasing the strength of a SIGNAL. A signal is just a general term used to refer to any particular current, voltage, or power in a circuit. An amplifier is the  device  that provides amplification (the increase in current, voltage, or power of a signal) without appreciably altering the original signal. Transistors are frequently used as amplifiers. Some transistor circuits are CURRENT amplifiers, with a small load resistance; other circuits are designed for VOLTAGE amplification and have a high load resistance; others amplify POWER. By inserting one or more resistors in a circuit, different methods of biasing may be achieved and the emitter-base battery eliminated. In addition to eliminating the battery, some of these biasing methods compensate for slight variations in transistor characteristics and changes in transistor conduction resulting from temperature irregularities. Notice in figure 2-12 that the emitter-base battery has been eliminated and the bias resistor RB  has been inserted between the collector and the base. Resistor RB  provides the necessary forward bias for the emitter-base junction. Current flows in the emitter-base bias circuit from ground to the emitter, out the base lead, and through RB  to VCC. Since the current in the base circuit is very small (a few hundred microamperes) and the forward resistance of the transistor is low, only a few tenths of a volt of positive bias will be felt on the base of the transistor. However, this is enough voltage on the base, along with ground on the emitter and the large positive voltage on the collector, to properly bias the transistor. (Intregrated Publishing, 2002) Figure 14 The basic transistor amplifier With Q1 properly biased, direct current flows continuously, with or without an input signal, throughout the entire circuit. The direct current flowing through the circuit develops more than just base bias; it also develops the collector voltage (VC) as it flows through Q1 and RL. Notice the collector voltage on the output graph. Since it is present in the circuit without an input signal, the output signal starts at the VC  level and either increases or decreases. These dc voltages and currents that exist in the circuit before the application of a signal are known as quiescent voltages and currents (the quiescent state of the circuit). Resistor RL, the collector load resistor, is placed in the circuit to keep the full effect of the collector supply voltage off the collector. This permits the collector voltage (VC) to change with an input signal, which in turn allows the transistor to amplify voltage. Without RL  in the circuit, the voltage on the collector would always be equal to VCC. The coupling capacitor (CC) is another new addition to the transistor circuit. It is used to pass the ac input signal and block the dc voltage from the preceding circuit. This prevents dc in the circuitry on the left of the coupling capacitor from affecting the bias on Q1. The coupling capacitor also blocks the bias of Q1 from reaching the input signal source. The input to the amplifier is a sine wave that varies a few millivolts above and below zero. It is introduced into the circuit by the coupling capacitor and is applied between the base and emitter. As the input signal goes positive, the voltage across the emitter-base junction becomes more positive. This in effect increases forward bias, which causes base current to increase at the same rate as that of the input sine wave. Emitter and collector currents also increase but much more than the base current. With an increase in collector current, more voltage is developed across R  L. Since the voltage across RL  and the voltage across Q1 (collector to emitter) must add up to VCC, an increase in voltage across RL  results in an equal decrease in voltage across Q1. Therefore, the output voltage from the amplifier, taken at the collector of Q1 with respect to the emitter, is a  negative  alternation of voltage that is  larger  than the input, but has the same sine wave characteristics. During the negative alternation of the input, the input signal opposes the forward bias. This action decreases base current, which results in a decrease in both emitter and collector currents. The decrease in current through RL  decreases its voltage drop and causes the voltage across the transistor to rise along with the output voltage. Therefore, the output for the negative alternation of the input is a  positive  alternation of voltage that is  larger  than the input but has the same sine wave characteristics. By examining both input and output signals for one complete alternation of the input, we can see that the output of the amplifier is an exact reproduction of the input except for the  reversal in polarity  and the  increased amplitude  (a few millivolts as compared to a few volts). The PNP version of this amplifier is shown in the upper part of the figure. The primary difference between the NPN and PNP amplifier is the polarity of the source voltage. With a negative VCC, the PNP base voltage is slightly negative with respect to ground, which provides the necessary forward bias condition between the emitter and base. When the PNP input signal goes positive, it opposes the forward bias of the transistor. This action cancels some of the negative voltage across the emitter-base junction, which reduces the current through the transistor. Therefore, the voltage across the load resistor decreases, and the voltage across the transistor increases. Since VCC  is negative, the voltage on the collector (VC) goes in a negative direction (as shown on the output graph) toward -VCC  (for example, from -5 volts to -7 volts). Thus, the output is a negative alternation of voltage that varies at the same rate as the sine wave input, but it is opposite in polarity and has a much larger amplitude. During the negative alternation of the input signal, the transistor current increases because the input voltage aids the forward bias. Therefore, the voltage across RL  increases, and consequently, the voltage across the transistor decreases or goes in a positive direction (for example: from -5 volts to -3 volts). This action results in a positive output voltage, which has the same characteristics as the input except that it has been amplified and the polarity is reversed. (Intregrated Publishing, 2002) 3. 1. 2 Ultra High Frequency Transistor Array (HFA) The HFA3046, HFA3096, HFA3127 and the HFA3128 are Ultra High Frequency Transistor Arrays that are fabricated from Intersil Corporation’s complementary bipolar UHF-1 process. Each array consists of five dielectrically isolated transistors on a common monolithic substrate. The NPN transistors exhibit a fT of 8GHz while the PNP transistors provide a fT of 5. 5GHz. Both types exhibit low noise (3. 5dB), making them ideal for high frequency amplifier and mixer applications. (HFA3127, 2003) The HFA3046 and HFA3127 are all NPN arrays while the HFA3128 has all PNP transistors. The HFA3096 is an NPN-PNP combination. Access is provided to each of the terminals for the individual transistors for maximum application flexibility. Monolithic construction of these transistor arrays provides close electrical and thermal matching of the five transistors. Features * NPN Transistor (fT) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8GHz * NPN Current Gain (hFE). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 130 * NPN Early Voltage (VA) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50V * PNP Transistor (fT). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5. 5GHz * PNP Cu rrent Gain (hFE). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60 * PNP Early Voltage (VA) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .20V * Noise Figure (50? ) at 1. 0GHz . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3. 5dB * Collector to Collector Leakage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1pA * Complete Isolation Between Transistors Pin Compatible with Industry Standard 3XXX Series Arrays * Pb-Free Plus Anneal Available (RoHS Compliant) Applications * VHF/UHF Amplifiers * VHF/UHF Mixers * IF Converters * Synchronous Detectors Specifications: * Collector Emitter Voltage V(br)ceo: 8 V * Current Ic Continuous a Max: 11. 3 mA * DC Collector Current: 37 mA * DC Current Gain: 130 * Gain Bandwidth ft Typ: 8 GHz * Module Configuration: Five * Mounting Type: SMD * Number of Pins: 16 * Number of Transistors: 5 * Package / Case: SOIC * Power Dissipation Pd: 150 mW * SVHC: No SVHC (15-Dec-2010) * Supply Voltage Min: 12 V * Transistor Case Style: SOIC * Transistor Polarity: NPN * RoHS: Yes (Datashe et, 2005) Figure 15 HFA3127 transistor array As this project is to design and build a repeater incorporating transmission delay, so any of those or both amplifiers can be used to convert weak high frequency signal to strong signal. 3. 1. 3 Surface mounts technology: Surface mount technology  (SMT) adds components to a printed circuit board (PCB) by soldering component leads or terminals to the top surface of the board. SMT components have a flat surface that is soldered to a flat pad on the face of the PCB. Typically, the PCB pad is coated with a paste-like formulation of solder and flux. With careful placement, SMT components on solder paste remain in position until elevated temperatures, usually from an infrared oven, melt the paste and solder the component leads to the PCB pads. Industry-standard pick-and-place equipment can mount SMT components quickly, accurately, and cost-effectively. SMT is a widely used alternative to mounting processes that insert pins or terminals through holes and solder leads into place on the opposite side of the board. 3. 1. 4 Surface Mount Monolithic Amplifier: Figure 16 MAV-11SM amplifier Features: * Wideband, 0. 05 to 1GHz * High output power, up to +17. 5 dBm typ. * Low noise, 3. 6 dB typ. * Aqueous washable * Applications: * UHF – TV * Cellular * Defence communication * UHF/VHF receivers/transmitters (Monolithic Amplifier, 2002) General description: MAV-11SM+ is a wideband amplifier offer a high dynamic range. It has repeatable performance from lot to lot. It is enclosed in a plastic molded package. MAV-11SM+ uses Darlington configuration and is fabricated using silicon technology. Expected MTBF is 500 years at 85 °C case temperature. Functions| Pin number| Description| RF in| 1| RF input pin. This pin requires the use of an external DC blocking capacitor chosen for the frequency of operation. | RF-out and DC-in| 3| RF output and bias pin. DC voltage is present on this pin; therefore a DC blocking capacitor is necessary for proper operation. An RF choke is needed to feed DC bias without loss of RF signal due to the bias connection, as shown in â€Å"Recommended Application Circuit†. | GND| 2,4| Connections to ground. Use via holes as shown in â€Å"Suggested Layout for PCB Design† to reduce ground path inductance for best performance. | (Monolithic Amplifier, 2002) Figure 17 Suggested PCB layout with MAV-11SM 3. 1. 5 Loft box: 8 way home distribution unit * Fully Compatible with the Sky Digital tvLINK System. * Combines Satellite, TV, FM, DAB, CCTV on to one down cable to the living room. * Typically 8dB Gain to each output. * TV, FM Digi Channel, VCR, DAB, CCTV available at each output. * Built in switch mode power supply with LED power on indicator. * The Global LoftBox is an integrated Home Distribution system. Figure 18 Loft box home distributor Normally located in the loft, it combines TV, FM, DAB, CCTV Satellite on to one down cable, feeding to a Global triplexing wall plate or MSWP in the living room. The Loft Box takes a return feed from the living room which would typically be from the UHF2 output from the Sky digibox or from a â€Å"Y† splitter. FM DAB are diplexed onto the return feed then distributed to additional points within the house via Global TV/FM diplex wall plates. Each outlet point is able to receive normal terrestrial TV, FM, DAB, CCTV the selected Satellite channel. The LoftBox fully supports the infrared control signals from the tvLINK remote eye back to the Sky Set-top Box. But for connection problem this could not be used in this project. 3. 1. 6 Maxview signal booster It boosts digital and analogue TV, FM/DAB radio signals in weaker signal areas. This booster was bought for comparing the signal strength with amplifier built in this project. Maxview signal booster is high gain TV signal booster. Key features are; Forward gain typically per outlet: 18dB Switched gain: 6dB Noise figure typically: 4. 5dB Forward frequency coverage: 40-860MHz Reverse frequency coverage: 5-65MHz Figure 19 Maxview signal booster 3. 1. 7 Antenna: Normal TV aerial can be used to receive and transmit signal. For this project Truvision Indoor UHF TV aerial has been selected for receiving and transmitting TV signal. Figure 20 Antenna used for this project The Truvision UHF TV aerial has a striking contemporary free-standing design which simply flips up into position and is ready to use straight out of the box. Easy fingertip adjustment allows horizontal or vertical alignment for optimum signal reception. 4. 0 Design Receiving antenna receives the DVB-T signal and gives it to the repeater. Repeater amplifies the received signal and retransmits the signal through transmission line (coaxial cable). Coaxial cable has been used for incorporating transmission delay to minimize inter symbol interference. Figure 21 Interference between relay signal and main transmitted signal Although this paper talked about strong signal reception by TV antenna but there will be some interference with the transmitted signal from main transmitter. For sjort of time this project could not go through that problem. So this project is now to design the repeater, build the circuit and testing that in laboratory environment and outdoor environment. 4. 1 Circuit design The ISIS schematic drawing software is an extremely versatile application for circuit design. However it naturally takes some time to learn all of its capabilities. For this project HFA3127 transistor array was selected because of its low noise high gain capability. But there was no transistor family named HFA3127 in ISIS software. Then one new transistor family was created to draw the circuit. Figure 22 ISIS schematic of circuit design 4. 2 PCB design Circuit design has been designed in ISIS but PCB layout was not acceptable. It was suggested to design the PCB layout in ARES according to the datasheet. After that, PCB layout was made to ARES. Figure 23 PCB design according to the datasheet in ARES In PCB design there was some contact errors which could not been removed. Whenever it was trying to remove the errors it was saying not connected. As the legs of ICs and other components gap was so small, it was showing that errors. Back side of PCB was grounded plain because this circuit was for RF signal. In PCB design micro strip line has been used for ultra high frequency or very high frequency. Pin no 14 and 15 is connected with RF input socket and pin no 1 and 2 is connected with RF output socket through micro strip. Down side micro strip is for input voltage. Figure 24 3D view for PCB 5. 0 Implementation Required components: * PCB board * Resistors * Capacitors * Amplifier * Two antennas * TV card * Transmission line (Coaxial cable) * SMA connectors 5. 1 Implementation with HFA3127 As it was the circuit of surface mount components, it was really difficult to solder by hand. Components were 0603 package so it was very small. Even it is mentioned earlier in ISIS there was no package for HFA3127 so it had to make one package for this device. The dimensions of ICs legs were wrong so the IC was not fitted with PCB board. One side of ICs legs were fitted and other side’s legs were connected with small wire. Figure 25 Circuit with HFA3127 amplifier 5. 2 Implementation with MAV-11SM amplifier This amplifier has been designed with MAV-11SM amplifier. This picture shows two amplifiers have been used for this circuit but actually two amplifier circuit has been joined together to get more gain. This is also surface mount circuit board. This amplifier’s gain is 10dB each. Figure 26 MAV-11SM amplifier circuit board As this paper was expecting an amplifier with more than 30dB reverse gain so HFA3127 has been also connected with these two. 6. 0 Test result 6. 1 Laboratory test result Amplifier circuit with HFA3127: Figure 27 HFA3127 gain with soldering error Figure 28 HFA3127 amplifier gain Amplifier circuit with MAV-11SM: Figure 29 One MAV-11SM amplifier gain Figure 30 Two MAV-11SM amplifier circuits give more gain Figure 31 Three amplifiers together was the maximum gain 6. 2 Field test result Figure 32 Low quality picture with normal antenna Figure 33 Picture with repeater connected antenna Figure 34 Rebroadcasting connection 7. 0 Result Discussion Laboratory test: Results with transistor array: Figure-27 shows the return loss is -6. 2573 dB at input power -20dB in the place of 15-20 dB. From this result it was understood that something problem with soldering. After examining the circuit soldering, it was found that at pin 4 the voltage is 0V instead of 0. 7-0. 8V. Then it was soldered again and checked it. This time it was 0. 8V but still it was not ok. After that from supervisor suggestion, transistor was changed to amplify the signal. This time the gain was high 25 dB but it was rolling over. Figure-28 shows initial gain was 25 dB but it was rolling over. The average gain was nearly 10 dB. According to data sheet this gain should be 15-20 dB. Probably if the soldering would very good, it would be possible to get good result with this amplifier. Even if it is possible to use all five transistors at a time then it is very possible to get 120 dB gains which are really incredible. Results with MAV-11SM amplifier: Figure-29 shows MAV-11SM amplifier circuit was working expectedly. With one amplifier its gain should be around 10 dB. It was showing 8. 94 dB. Figure-30 shows when two MAV-11SMs was connected together the gain was increased to 15. 93dB at -20 dBm power. Now it was connected three amplifiers together and the gain was burst! Figure-31 shows the gain was 31. 276 dB for which the project was waiting. Field Test Now time to outdoor test, for outdoor test a TV card/TV, three antennas, and coaxial cable were needed with repeater. First, TV card was installed in the computer and connected with antenna without amplifier. After scanning the channel, only 6 free channels were found and most of their picture qualities were very low (figure-32). After that the repeater was connected with antennas and directly connected with TV card. Now it got 67 free channels from scanning and the picture quality was very high (figure-33). When voltage was keeping 0V from power supply connected with repeater, the picture was becoming worse and when voltage was going to be high the picture quality was going to high. Now the final stage of testing, because until now it can be said that repeater is working perfect. But the purpose the repeater has been built is to rebroadcast the signal. For rebroadcasting the signal input side of the repeater was connected with one receiver antenna and output side was connected with transmitter antenna with long transmission line (figure-34) which would incorporate delay to minimize inter symbol interference. But it was connected for 24 hours and TV was on with normal antenna but no improvement was made by rebroadcasting issue. End of this experiment it was found that probably the transmit power was too low to retransmit the signal because power supply was 5V 1A input or the antenna could not transmit the signal around the room or antenna transmitted too low signal that the signal was not good enough to capture good quality video. Two possible reasons for failure: * Too low power for retransmit * Transmit antenna Time was a big factor for test. According to Gantt chart, only 20 days have been used for testing because of all other assignment. This delay was coming from previous task as well. Design and implementation took a long time. When testing has been started, then there was not extra time to resolve any problem identified. 8. 0 Conclusion The aim of this project was to design a digital repeater incorporating transmission delay (coaxial cable) to minimize inter symbol interference. The project main part was to design an amplifier circuit, build the circuit and test the circuit. If everything goes right then it can be tested by rebroadcasting DVB-T signal checked in TV. Though this project has not reached its final target, still this project is a complete concept of amplify signal theory. At the very beginning this project was expecting to design a digital repeater which will minimize inter symbol interference incorporating transmission delay. At first, HFA transistor array has been selected for designing amplifier where the circuit was built by surface mount components. For soldering problem the gain was -5dB. After that only one transistor has been used from five transistors of HFA3127 by supervisor’s suggestion to get good performance. Though initially that design gave 25 dB gains but it was rolling over. Still average gain of HFA3127 was 10 dB. As for high frequency amplifying and transmission needs a very high gain amplifier (30 dB) and this transistor amplifier gain was not enough for rebroadcasting signal, this project select another amplifier MAV-11SM from supervisor suggestion. One MAV-11SM amplifier gives around 10dB gain what has been shown in testing section. At last two MAV-11SM amplifiers and one HFA3127 has been used to get more than 30dB gain. It has been tested in network scalar analyzer. For field test, a TV card, three TV aerials have been used. The amplifier circuit has been connected with one aerial. It was working very well when it was directly connected with TV card. That it can be said that the repeater was amplifying signal. But when another aerial with long transmission line was connected with amplifier and tried to rebroadcast the signal with 5v 1A power supply, TV picture quality was not improving expectedly. Digital repetition is an innovative concept, which helps to increase the DVB-T coverage while maintaining the highest quality and providing a greater flexibility. In spite of failure, this project was a high level platform to learn about signal and signalling. Future work: As this project is unsuccessful at that certain point, this project will try to solve the rebroadcasting problem. And the transistor array will be a great option to amplify signal if all five transistors are been used. From HFA3127, it is possible to get min of 120 dB gain if it is soldered perfectly. Works Cited Antenna basics. (2008, October 12). Retrieved May 5, 2011, from http://www. hdtvprimer. com/ANTENNAS/basics. html. Audet, J. (2001). Coaxial Cable Delay. Charan, L. (2002). Inter symbos Interferance (ISI) and Raised Cosine filters. Retrieved December 5, 2010, from http://www. complextoreal. com/chapters/isi. pdf. Datasheet. (2005, December 21). Retrieved February 20, 2011, from http://www. intersil. com/data/fn/fn3076. pdf. digital spy. (2009). Retrieved April 10, 2011, from http://www. digitalspy. co. uk/digitaltv/information/a12613/uhf-channel-and-frequency-guide. html. Global Spec. (2008). Retrieved April 10, 2011, from http://www. globalspec. om/learnmore/telecommunications_networking/rf_microwave_wireless_components/rf_amplifiers. HFA3127. (2003). Retrieved January 18, 2011, from http://www. intersil. com/products/deviceinfo. asp? pn=HFA3127. Intregrated Publishing. (n. d. ). Retrieved April 4, 2011, from http://www. tpub. com/neets/book7/25c. htm. Monolithic Amplifier. (2002). Retrieved January 14, 2011, from http://www. minicircuits. com/pdfs/MAV-11SM+. pdf. Pool, I. (2002). Digital Video Broadcasting. Retrieved April 13, 2011, from http://www. radio-electronics. com/info/broadcast/digital-video-broadcasting/what-is-dvb-tutorial. php. Power Amplifier design. (1998). RF transmitting transistor and power ampli? er fundamentals . RF amplifier. (2008). Retrieved April 10, 2011, from http://www. globalspec. com/learnmore/telecommunications_networking/rf_microwave_wireless_components/rf_amplifiers. sub-TV. (2006, October 13). Retrieved April 20, 2011, from http://www. sub-tv. co. uk/antennatheory. asp. Trolet, C. (2002). SPOT: filling gaps in DVB-T networks with digital repeaters. Presented by Gerard Faria, Scientific Director, Harris Broadcast Europe at BroadcastAsia2002 International Conference, Available at: http://www. broadcast. harris. com. Gantt chart APPENDICES Frequency Allocation for DVB-T in UK Band IV Channel| PAL-I Vision (MHz)| PAL-I Sound (MHz)| Centre (MHz)| 21| 471. 25| 477. 25| 474| 22| 479. 25| 485. 25| 482| 3| 487. 25| 493. 25| 490| 24| 495. 25| 501. 25| 498| 25| 503. 25| 509. 25| 506| 26| 511. 25| 517. 25| 514| 27| 519. 25| 525. 25| 522| 28| 527. 25| 533. 25| 530| 29| 535. 25| 541. 25| 538| 30| 543. 25| 549. 25| 546| 31| 551. 25| 557. 25| 554| 32| 559. 25| 565. 25| 562| 33| 567. 25| 573. 25| 570| 34| 575. 25| 581 . 25| 578| 35| 583. 25| 589. 25| 586| 36| 591. 25| 597. 25| 594| 37| 599. 25| 605. 25| 602| 38| 607. 25| 613. 25| 610| Band V Channel| PAL-I Vision (MHz)| PAL-I Sound (MHz)| Centre (MHz)| 39| 615. 25| 621. 25| 618| 40| 623. 25| 629. 25| 626| 41| 631. 25| 637. 25| 634| 42| 639. 25| 645. 25| 642| 43| 647. 25| 653. 25| 650| 44| 655. 25| 661. 5| 658| 45| 663. 25| 669. 25| 666| 46| 671. 25| 677. 25| 674| 47| 679. 25| 685. 25| 682| 48| 687. 25| 693. 25| 690| 49| 695. 25| 701. 25| 698| 50| 703. 25| 709. 25| 706| 51| 711. 25| 717. 25| 714| 52| 719. 25| 725. 25| 722| 53| 727. 25| 733. 25| 730| 54| 735. 25| 741. 25| 738| 55| 743. 25| 749. 25| 746| 56| 751. 25| 757. 25| 754| 57| 759. 25| 765. 25| 762| 58| 767. 25| 773. 25| 770| 59| 775. 25| 781. 25| 778| 60| 783. 25| 789. 25| 786| 61| 791. 25| 797. 25| 794| 62| 799. 25| 805. 25| 802| 63| 807. 25| 813. 25| 810| 64| 815. 25| 821. 25| 818| 65| 823. 25| 829. 25| 826| 66| 831. 25| 837. 25| 834| 67| 839. 25| 845. 25| 842| 68| 847. 25| 853. 25| 850| How to cite Design a Repeater for Digital Rf Signal, Essay examples

Changes of family trends free essay sample

This essay will discuss some of the changes and trends in family life in Britain over the last 50 years. In order to do this, this essay will firstly define what is meant by the term family in this context. It will then go on to describe the main family types including the nuclear family, the extended family, cohabiting family and more. The family has changed over the years, the main change being the decline in the traditional nuclear family, the reasons of which will be discussed within the main body of this essay. Other changes of family types will also be discussed along with explanations and arguments of why these changes have occurred. Sociological perspectives on the family intend to shed light on the purpose of the family within society, this essay will outline and discuss two perspectives – one being functionalism and the second being social interactionism. Finally, this essay will come to a conclusion of the research into the changes and trends of family life in Britain. â€Å"A family is a group of persons directly linked by kin connections, the adult members of which assume responsibility for caring for children. † (Giddens, 1997) This definition also includes the kin connections through marriages which leads to step families. In today’s society there are a huge diversity of family types, these include:- The nuclear family a household where the parents are married and they live with their biological children. Extended family – a family which consists of three or more generations, grandparents, parents and children living in the same household. One person household one adult living alone without any other family members. Cohabiting family – a family where the parents are not married, live with either biological or step children. Lone parent family – this can be either the mother or the father responsible for raising the children. Same gender family – a family where the parents are of the same sex, they may be in a civil partnership and are responsible for children. Multi-racial family – a family where the parents are members of different racial groups. Adoptive family – a family where one or more of the children has been adopted. Immigrant family – a family where the parents have immigrated with their children. The traditional family types 50 years ago were mainly the nuclear family and the extended family, whereas due to divorce, an increased tolerance towards homosexual couples, unmarried parents, immigration and couples of different racial groups having children, modern family types have become extremely diverse, with certain modern family types becoming more popular than the traditional types. In 2012 the office of national statistics found that 38% of families with dependent children were married, compared to 39% of families with dependent children being cohabiting couple families. (Office of National Statistics, 2012) This shows how values towards marriage in recent decades have changed and as a result has affected the family values, no longer does the family value traditional beliefs that parents should be of opposite sex, where the father works and the mother stays at home to rear the children. Modern society has diverse beliefs which directly affect family types and in turn increases the diversity within society as a whole. Through research and studies the Family Policy Social Centre found similar findings â€Å"today it is estimated that nuclear families make up only 36% of British families† (Family Policy Social Centre, 2009) Another argument for this decrease of nuclear families is that modern society has introduced legislation related to divorce, contraception and abortion which has affected the nature of women’s roles within the family. Women were starting to realise they were able to choose when they wanted to have children, they were able to get divorced more easily and as a result get remarried. These legislations led to an increase in divorce, abortion rates and woman getting remarried, therefore as a direct result led to an increase in single parent families, step families and women waiting until later in life to have children and families. A major change contributing to the structure of the family is the high rate of divorce in Britain. The causes of the rate of divorce include the difference in priorities and expectations amongst married couples. Another issue may be sharing the responsibilities of rearing children, and the conflicts caused by working mothers and their traditional family roles. Couples also divorce over financial issues, disagreements about responsibility and unequal status. Married couples may become disinterested with each other and deceive their partner with someone else. As couples become preoccupied with their frustrations and disappointment within their marriage, they may not think about the consequences. ‘For children, divorce is a watershed that permanently alters their lives. The world is newly perceived as a far less reliable, more dangerous place because the closest relationships in their lives can no longer be expected to hold firm. More than anything else, this new anxiety represents the end of childhood’ (Meng, 2008). Marital breakdown can in itself cause even further problems, as many women become lone parents and their financial situation affects the family’s lifestyle. Many lone parents enter into new relationships and often result in remarriage. ‘In this way reassembled or blended families are created which contain step parents and step children’ (Hill Irving, 2009). Parents that have been affected by divorce either through loneliness or financial problems may remarry. ‘The tragedy is that second marriages with children are much more likely to end in divorce than first marriages’ (Meng, 2008). The causes of high divorce rates are arguably caused by the ever increasing acceptance of divorce and single parents by society and as a result teaches the children involved that divorce is a normal part of marriage and life and therefore reinforces the norm divorce and lack of value towards marriage within society. More recently Government has brought about the Civil Partnership Act 2004 and nearly a decade later the Marriage (Same Sex Couples) Act 2013. (Parliament. uk, 2013) These acts have resulted in a sudden increase of civil partner couple families – statistics show that from 2003 to 2013 civil partnership couple families have risen from N/A to 63,000. These findings resulted in research into same sex cohabiting couple families which also showed a rise of N/A in 2003 to 89,000 families in 2013 (Office of National Statistics, 2013). Due to the increase in these types of family, other family types have been affected. This could be due to either by these couples adopting which also increases the number or adoptive families or by homosexual persons leaving their current established family units to live their chosen lifestyle, meaning an increase in lone parent families. These factors are results from the values, norms and expectations of society changing and accepting same sex couples getting married and adopting children. With the change in diversity of family types has come change in the families’ role within society. Although the family still mainly provides children with primary socialisation, other aspects of a child’s life also influences their primary socialisation. Due to the increase of working mothers and lone parent families, children are being put into nurseries and daytime care younger, meaning primary socialisation is also being provided by nurseries where the child may learn norms and values which the parents would not necessarily regard as their own norms and values. This shows how in some cases the family serves less of a role within society, leaving primary socialisation to be provided by the society, however this could lead to an easier and more understandable process into secondary socialisation for the child when starting school. The main role of the family in society is to provide the children with the correct norms, values and morals to live by within that society. Whether or not the family causes society to change or whether society is the cause of changes within families is unknown however it could be argued that changes in society and family go hand in hand. The family seems to change as society changes and vice versa, for example, multi-racial families were once unheard of, however due to the acceptance of different races within society came the acceptance of multi-racial families which in turn led to the re-enforcing of this acceptance within society through primary and secondary socialisation. There are many sociological perspectives on the family. Functionalism is one of these perspectives. â€Å"The functional perspective emphasizes that social institutions perform several functions to help preserve social stability and otherwise keep a society working. † (Barkan, 2012) Therefore in the context of the family, functionalism refers to the part in which the family plays in the functioning of society. The family mainly provide the primary socialisation for children which gives the children the correct norms and values which help them integrate into society. Functionalists would argue that the nuclear family is the ideal family type in today’s society. Parson’s argues that the nuclear family is now the most important part of society, for the operation of industrial society as a system. (Chambers, 2012) Suggesting that the extended family is no longer needed since the industrialisation as the nuclear family is more mobile and able to move in order to find work. However research shows that both the nuclear and the extended family is decreasing as other types of families are increasing, as a result of the diversity and change of norms and values within society today. Another perspective is social interactionism which â€Å"examines how family members and intimate couples interact on a daily basis and arrive at shared understandings of theirs situations. † (Barkan, 2012). In the context of social interactionism, families have changed over the last 50 years in the way in which they interact with each other, whether it be how husbands and wives communicate or how parents and children interact. Although divorce rates have risen, studies show that the increase of gender equality has affected the way in which married couples interact – more women are working than ever before leaving men to take on more domestic chores, which in turn has brought about more emotionally expressive men within society. This in itself has impacts on the family structure, for example, woman attempting to find a more desirable man in relation to his emotional ability to express himself can mean woman are single for longer and therefore meaning less family units. However the main impact is that these new values will be passed down to future generations, leading to new trends within the family for the future as well as the present. In conclusion, the family has seen many changes and trends in family life in Britain over the last 50 years. Whether it be increased rates of divorce leading to an increase of lone parent families or the decline of the traditional nuclear family through the change of norms and values within society leaving the traditional family type becoming less desirable. The family is continuously changing in society, some would argue that the family plays less of a role within society however whether or not this is advantageous is debated. Functionalism emphasizes the part in which the family plays in the functioning of society whereas social interactionism examines how the family members and couple, married or not, interact with each other and have shared understandings. (Barkan, 2012) Overall the family plays a vital role in society through providing children with the social norms and values which are continuously changing with time and therefore are necessary in order for society to move forward.

Jazz and Heroin Post-War America free essay sample

Post-war America, Jazz and Heroin by Gang Longer and James Baldwin Sonnys Blues Life after the Second World War changed for many, including the previously jolly jazzmen in Harlem. Whether through conspiracy, a search to remedy the anxieties of a struggling for image musician, or Just something that was pressed as a requirement to belong, heroin certainly made its bleak presence known. Trumpeter Red Rodney once said, Heroin became the thing that made us different from the rest f the world. It was the thing that gave us membership in a unique club. The conspiracy theory that some believe was planned to devastate Harems black inhabitants does seem to have some clout. Female Jazz musician Billie Holiday was one who may have fell Victim to this scheme. She was arrested in 1947 for narcotics charges, deliberately targeted for the such. Colonel White, a narcotics agent, we wanted to get some publicity [The Idea of arresting her was] a sudden inspiration to polish her off, to kick her over. We will write a custom essay sample on Jazz and Heroin: Post-War America or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Her arresting officer Jimmy Fletcher also coasted that he was carrying over six pounds of heroin at one time, assuming used to supply his informants. Post WI America appeared to have not been changed by way of the democratic freedoms won in Europe. Black Jazz musicians of this time were still singled out, denied integration with the rest of the population. They were forced to use staff lifts and back stairs at venues. They were made to stay in black only hotel rooms. And in some areas, they were even barred from eating In most restaurants. These young, lonely, unrecognized musicians tried to bond with one another to blot out the dismal oral around them; In an effort to find positively and acceptance, play together, and Inspire confidence, they were exposed to heroin.Atone time, Jazz great Males Davis was even a pusher, helping expose others to heroin, possibly wrecking their lives. One of those exposed was Count Basiss piano player Carl Drunkard, whom after being teased about being a square, tried heroin with Davis in 1952. Drunkard later commented, Miles Davis put that needle in my arm and helped me wreck my life. Drunkards wrecked, junkie lifestyle was also experienced by the likes of Charlie Parker, Fats Innovator, Chest Baker, and Bill Evans. Sonny, our young, almost lost, seemingly repressed subject in James Baldwin Sonnys Blues is a picture perfect example of all of this.Growing up in post-war Harlem, a young black man, with Jazz in his heart, Sonny fell victim to the seemingly unavoidable heroin-Junkie lifestyle. On the path of trying to follow the music of his heart, he gets twisted up with the drug, and Like Billie Holiday, gets arrested for such. And Like society at the time, even Sonny older brother Is one to oppress him, saying, Well, you may think its funny now, baby, but its not going to be so funny when you wrought the lives lived and manifeste d throughout this era, the blues come to surface.

Violence in Politics

Violence in Politics VIOLENCE IN POLITICSPolitics is a wide topic that includes lots of points but there is not a cleardefinition of politics, it is known that politics is present in all social relations no matter how small the group or the society. Politics might best be characterized as the constrained use of social power. Politics occurs where there is power relationship. The concept of power lies beneath politics. Human beings have the urge to gain power. They seek to be more and more powerful. This turns out to be a competition or a rivalry. Therefore, naturally in this competitive arena violence is felt and it is used as a means. Until today all of the civilizations and states have had violent memories, a war or a struggle, fight, revolt, etc. In the political framework, violence is the illegitimate use of power.Furthermore, Machiavelli transformed the meaning of politics. He statedthat the goal of politics is the pursuit of power.Adolf Hitler in Yugoslavia.According to him, the most important elem ents of politics are the rule of law. So far Machiavelli's ideas have aroused arguments and they are criticized. Many people still believe in his ideas and apply them as the basis for their study of modern political science. The influential political theorist Thomas Hobbes author of Leviathan strongly echoes Machiavelli's conviction that human beings are naturally wicked and require strong government to keep them from harming each other. On the other hand, as time moved on, many different types of political systems, such as fascism, democracy, communism, socialism and etc. sprung up. Violence in politics have occurred more in authoritarian regimes.The subject of violence in politics is a debatable issue; there can be many different ideas and opinions. Moreover, other than Hobbes, Machiavelli also influenced the cruel dictators. Mussolini and Adolf Hitler...

American Medical System (Is or not) broken Essay

American Medical System (Is or not) broken - Essay Example When all these aspects are put together, the American health system is deemed broken. This paper is going to give its focus on the broken American health care system. Furthermore, this paper will highlight the reasons behind having a broken health care system in the United States. In this paper, I ask; why is the American health care system broken? Reasons behind the American Broken Health Care System The broken American health care system can be attributed to various reasons. It is apparent that the American health care system is a complete paradox. This is because in regards to technology in medicine as well as the disease scientific understanding, the United States is a leader. Doctors in America are the best paid in the world. Despite all these privileges, the Americans are still not the beneficiaries (Gumbel). Gumbel continues to argue that the healthcare system is run by insurance companies that are profit-propelled thus making the system be inefficient and more expensive, besi des being dehumanizing. America’s expenditure on healthcare is two and a half times that of Britain, and twice as much as that of France. However, the health care system is on a meltdown in almost every key indicator in public health sector, high infant mortality rate when compared to other developed countries like Britain. There has been no serious debate on healthcare system in America since 1994 when Bill Clinton was the president and his wife Hillary Clinton failed in her attempts to overhaul the health system. About 45 million American citizens are not insured (Garson). This number includes 10 million children (Gumbel). Gumbel continues to remark that the growing numbers of uninsured is unacceptable in any civilized society, more so not in America. Analysts had predicted that the American health care system would be broken, come the year 2011, and the government would have taken measures to avert the situation before it happens. For instance, Bolen, a consumer advocate, had remarked in 2004 that everybody was aware that the U.S Medicare system would experience a meltdown in 2011. According to him, the healthcare care system was going to be unaffordable to most Americans. Bill Frist, the majority leader of the senate and a heart specialist physician, gives scary Statistics on the American health care system. The statistic show that America spends about 15% of its overall income on health issues. This is higher than other developed nations. In this regard, when broken down, America spends approximately $5,540 annually on every man, woman and child (Broder A24). Similarly, health care costs are experiencing four times increase when compared to wages. Broder predicted that in 2006, the cost of health care coverage sponsored by the employers would be at $14,500 per family. However, the health stakeholders and the government did not do anything to prevent the situation from taking place. In 2003, the Census Bureau stated that about 44 million Americans w ere rendered without health insurance in 2002. Amazingly, the number of uninsured has been on the increase to approximately two million people every year. A consumer group known as Families USA reported that about 82 million Americans did not have health insurance cover in 2002/2003 period, most of them for a period not less than nine months (Broder A24). Furthermore, The American Journal of Medicine, as

Tylenol Ethical Behavior 1982 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Tylenol Ethical Behavior 1982 - Essay Example Tylenol had been the most profitable medicine for Johnson & Johnson and its contamination represented a big threat to the company and its goodwill in the market. The company’s market share fell drastically from 35% to a mere 8%. Thus, the company’s aim was to react in a way that does not damage its reputation. Following the announcement to stop consumption of the product was the announcement that the company had recalled its product completely from the market which resulted in an immediate loss of $100 million (Suder, 2006). The important point to note here is that, although the company wasn’t responsible for the alteration in the product, it assumed the ethical responsibility at the cost of its profits. By demonstrating that the company genuinely cared for the soceity’s safety, Tylenol got sympathy vote from customers who started realizing the fact that Tylenol had been a victim of a criminal act ( done by somebody else) and that the company was innocent (Suder, 2006). Additionally, the company established repute and strong links with the FBI, Police and the administration of the Food and Drug department (Kaplan, 1994). Through this the company hoped to gain the confidence of these groups along with searching for the individuals behind the contamination. Furthermore, it devoted heavy sums of money to the media and advertising agencies in order to inform the public about stopping the use of Tylenol and spreading this awareness amongst the masses (Kaplan, 1994). They went to the extent of using â€Å"1-800† hotline to deliver the message across the country and also used pre-recorded messages to inform news agencies about the latest developments with respect to the crisis (Cutlip, Center, & Broom, 1999). The company also ensured that all its press conferences were aired on national television (Kaplan, 1994). This was, however, a short term

Business Project Management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3500 words

Business Project Management - Essay Example The researcher states that before initializing a project, project manager and team must be sure about the structure of the host firm because it influences their project and the operations they seek to perform. In addition, the culture of an organization is composed of certain attributes such as values, attitudes, viewpoints and behaviors of its staff members. In addition, it demonstrates the established principles and values of the organization, infusing all the activities which a corporation performs. In simple words, it can make a project a success or a failure. However, the perfect organizational culture is that in which projects are well thought-out in strategic management and are executed to promote and support a firm’s corporate strategy and corporate goals. As a result, top management pays more attention to them and assigns more and more organization’s resources to allow them to be successful. Here strategic management is the discipline of building, implementing, and assessing cross-functional decisions that facilitate a corporation to attain its goals. Moreover, each corporation has its own model organizational culture, operating systems and inside and outside resources to attain this. In addition, at the present it is necessary for the project managers to be familiar with the cultural, organizational and social environments adjacent the project. It could be done by recognizing the stakeholders and their capability to have an effect on the project. Thus, it could lead towards the likelihood of influencing project surroundings in an optimistic manner. Therefore, the any kind of risks could be considerably diminished; however failure to adopt such a way could unavoidably lead to a less than acceptable ending. In addition, the successful project managers would be familiar with the importance to put some effort in changing or improving the organizational culture for the benefit of the project stakeholders. In this scenario, it is the responsib ility of every team member of a project, undeniably every employee of the organization, needs to be influenced to express the attitude that, just as they are stakeholders, as well as every other project stakeholder is also vital (Wideman, 2001). Moreover, the organization's culture plays a significant role in success rate of projects. Take into account that this is about projects all throughout a corporation, not just about one specific project. In addition, the culture of a host organization plays possibly the major role in whether their organization is flourishing in running projects. On the other hand, if a supplier firm faces challenges running projects productively with the host firm, they cannot blame the project managers. In fact, they are struggling surrounded by a culture that is not in support of their struggle. Thus, it is essential for the project manager as well as the top management of the supplier firm to identify and assess the culture of the host organization. Until they are